Bulgarian Air Force

The Bulgarian Air Force is in a transitional phase, moving from a structure dependent on Soviet-era equipment and doctrine to one aligned with NATO standards. This process is defined by the replacement of its primary combat aircraft and a corresponding shift in operational and logistical frameworks. The force is structured around a small number of air bases, with Graf Ignatievo being the focus of current modernization.

The core of Bulgaria's operational capability has rested on its fleet of MiG-29 fighters for air defense and Su-25 ground-attack aircraft. These platforms, while maintained, are technically obsolete by modern standards due to outdated sensors and limited weapon systems. To extend the life of its close air support capability, eight Su-25s (six single-seat and two two-seat) underwent an overhaul and modernization in Belarus, completed in February 2021. This upgrade allows for non-visual bombing runs and enhances their ability to support land and naval forces. The transport fleet is centered on the C-27J Spartan, which provides logistical and troop movement capabilities.

Bulgaria's strategic doctrine is now fully oriented towards integration within NATO's collective defense structure. Having joined the alliance in 2004, the air force has worked to move away from its Warsaw Pact origins. The doctrine emphasizes interoperability for participation in joint and multinational operations. This is practically demonstrated through events like the F-16 doctrine development workshop held with the US, designed to align operational guidance with NATO standards in preparation for the new fleet. The primary mission remains the safeguarding of national airspace, which contributes directly to NATO’s integrated air and missile defense system.

The most critical element of the force's evolution is the acquisition of 16 F-16C/D Block 70 aircraft. The program is divided into two eight-aircraft batches. The first jet arrived at Graf Ignatievo Air Base in April 2025 and the first batch was completed in December 2025. Delivery of the second batch, once planned for 2027, has slipped to the second quarter of 2030 because of production difficulties. These aircraft represent a significant technological leap, equipped with the Northrop Grumman APG-83 AESA radar, advanced avionics, and a 12,000-hour service life.