Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces

The Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Force is a moderately sized service, structured and initially equipped along Soviet lines following the country's independence. It is comprised of an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 personnel. The force’s combat aviation component has been consolidated over the years, with a significant portion of its Soviet-era fighter inventory, including MiG-29 and Su-27 aircraft, reportedly in storage or retired due to age and maintenance challenges. Operational capabilities have been historically oriented towards supporting ground forces, a legacy of Soviet military doctrine. Pilot flight hours have been reported as low, which can impact overall combat readiness. The Air Force has combat experience, notably providing air support during the Tajik Civil War and the Batken Conflict.

Uzbekistan's strategic doctrine is explicitly defensive in nature and emphasizes the non-use of military force except to repel aggression. A key tenet of its national security policy is non-participation in military-political blocs and prohibiting foreign military bases on its territory. The country pursues a multi-vector foreign policy, seeking to build strategic partnerships with various nations to enhance its security. This doctrine guides the development of its armed forces, focusing on defending sovereignty and borders.

Recent activities include participation in joint exercises with international partners like India and partnerships with the U.S. National Guard. In 2021, a number of aircraft from the former Afghan Air Force, including Super Tucanos and Cessna 208s, fled to Uzbekistan; these have since been officially transferred to the Uzbek Air Force.

The force is in a critical phase, actively seeking to replace its aging Soviet-era aircraft. This marks a significant strategic pivot away from its traditional reliance on Russia, influenced by Moscow's diminished capacity to supply new equipment and a desire for more advanced technology. Uzbekistan is exploring multiple options for new fighter aircraft. Discussions have been held with France for the potential acquisition of 24 Rafale fighters. Simultaneously, there is strong interest in Chinese aircraft, with the J-10C, JF-17 Block III, and potentially even the J-35 being considered as more cost-effective alternatives. This diversification extends to air defense, with the reported integration of Chinese systems like the HQ-9B long-range SAM, indicating a broader realignment of its defense procurement strategy.