Turkish Air Force

The Turkish Air Force (TuAF) is structured as a regionally significant air power, organized and trained to cooperate with NATO allies, while also pursuing an independent strategic path. Its operational capabilities are built around a large fleet of F-16 Fighting Falcons, making it the second-largest operator of this aircraft type within NATO. These aircraft have been deployed in various conflicts, most notably in cross-border operations into Iraq and Syria. The force has also gained considerable experience through participation in multinational missions, including NATO’s Air Policing in the Baltics and operations in the Balkans.

Turkey’s strategic doctrine emphasizes forward defense and credible deterrence, aiming to project power beyond its borders to maintain regional stability and protect national interests. This has translated into a more assertive military posture, with a focus on pre-emptive strategy, particularly in its long-running conflict with Kurdish militants. The TuAF has integrated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) extensively into its operational concept, using them in coordination with conventional air assets for reconnaissance, close air support, and electronic warfare missions.

Ankara is navigating a complex modernization period, driven by the need to replace aging platforms and the political realities of international arms procurement. After being removed from the F-35 program, the TuAF has focused on indigenous solutions and alternative acquisitions. A key domestic initiative is the Özgür program, which involves a comprehensive avionics and structural upgrade of its existing F-16 fleet. Looking forward, Turkey is developing its own fifth-generation fighter, the KAAN, and a jet trainer/light attack aircraft, the Hürjet. To bridge the capability gap until these indigenous platforms are operational, Turkey has been negotiating the purchase of Eurofighter Typhoon jets. The development of advanced domestic UAVs like the Anka, Akinci, and the jet-powered Kızılelma is a central pillar of its modernization, significantly boosting its air-to-ground and reconnaissance capabilities.